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Borobudur is the name of a Buddhist temple located at Borobudur, Magelang, Central Java. The location of the temple is approximately 100 km southwest of Semarang and 40 km northwest of Yogyakarta. This temple was founded by the Mahayana Buddhists around the year 800 AD the dynasty during the reign of Syailendra. In ethnic Tionghoa, this temple is also called 婆罗 浮屠 (Hanyu Pinyin: po luo fu tu) in the language Mandarin.Banyak theories attempt to explain the name of this temple. One of them states that the name is probably derived from the word Sambharabhudhara, which means "mountain" (bhudara) where the slopes situated terraces. In addition there are some other folk etymology. Suppose that the word comes from the greeting Borobudur "the Buddha" who due to sound shifts to Borobudur. Another explanation is that the name derives from two words "coal" and "beduhur". The word supposedly comes from the embers of the monastery, while there is also another explanation where the coal comes from Sanskrit which means temple or monastery complex and beduhur meaning is "high", or to remind the Balinese language means "above". So the point is a monastery or hostel located on high ground.

Historian J.G. de Casparis in his dissertation to obtain his doctorate in 1950 argued that Borobudur is a place of worship. Based on the inscriptions and Kahulunan Karangtengah, Casparis estimate the founder of Borobudur was named king of Mataram dynasty Syailendra Samaratungga, which they will build around the year 824 AD The giant new buildings can be completed at the time of her daughter, Queen Pramudawardhani. Borobudur Development estimated a half-century time-consuming. In the inscription Karangtengah also mentioned about the bestowal of land sima (tax-free land) by the CRI Kahulunan (Pramudawardhani) to maintain Kamūlān called Bhūmisambhāra. [1] The term itself is derived from the word Kamūlān first, which means place of origin, the sacred buildings to glorify the ancestors, the ancestors of the dynasty Sailendra possibility. Bhumi Sambhāra Casparis Bhudhāra estimates that in the Sanskrit language which means "Hill of the set of ten levels boddhisattwa virtue," was the original name of Borobudur Borobudur.andi berundak punden shaped, consisting of six levels of a square, three-level circular hoop and a main stupa peak. Also scattered in all levels-the levels several stupas.

Borobudur is a ten-story clearly illustrates the Mahayana school of philosophy. like a book, Borobudur described ten levels of Bodhisattva which must pass to reach the perfection of the Buddha.

Kamadhatu symbolizes the foot of Borobudur, the world is still dominated by kama, or "low desire". This part is mostly covered by a pile of stone that allegedly made to strengthen the construction of temples. At the closed part of this additional structure there are 120 panels Kammawibhangga story. A small additional structure was set aside so people can still see the relief in this section.

Four floors with wall berelief on it by experts named Rupadhatu. The floor is rectangular. Rupadhatu is a world that has been able to free himself from passion, but still bound by the appearance and shape. This level represents the nature of that is, between the bottom and the nature of nature. In part this Rupadhatu Buddha statues there in the recesses of the wall above ballustrade or breezeway.

Starting the fifth to the seventh floor walls are not berelief. This level is called Arupadhatu (which means do not form or intangible). Circular floor plan. It represents a level of natural top, where the man was free from all desires and commitments shape and appearance, but have not reached nirvana. Buddha statues are placed in the stupa covered with holes as in a cage. From outside the statues were still dim.

The highest level that describes the lack of existence is symbolized in the form of the Stupa, the largest and highest. Stupa depicted plain without the holes. Within the biggest stupa of Buddha statue was ever found of an imperfect or unfinished also called Buddha, which disalahsangkakan as Adibuddha statue, but through further research, there never was a statue at the main stupa, statues were not completed was a mistake pemahatnya in the past. according to the belief that one statue in the drafting process was not allowed to be destroyed. Archaeological excavations carried out in the yard to find many statues of this temple like this.

In the past, several statues of Buddha along with the 30 stones with reliefs, two lions, some kala-shaped stone, stairs and gates are sent to the King of Thailand, Chulalongkorn who visited the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) in 1896 as a gift from the government when the Dutch East Indies it.

Borobudur has no worship spaces like other temples. That there is a long hallways are narrow street. Walled alleys around the temples level by level. In the halls of this is expected to perform Buddhist ceremonies walk around the temple to the right. Building form, without room and terraced structure was believed to be the development of berundak punden form, which is a form of original architecture from the prehistoric Indonesian.

Borobudur structure when viewed from above form the structure of the Mandala.

Borobudur structure does not use cement at all, but the interlock system is like Lego blocks that can be attached without lem.Di every level carved reliefs on temple walls. The reliefs are read according to clockwise or called mapradaksina in Old Javanese language derived from Sanskrit which meaning is daksina east. These reliefs various contents of the story, among other reliefs Jataka stories.

The reading of these reliefs stories always begin and end on the east side of the gate at every level, starting on the left and ends on the right side of the gate. So significantly that climbed the stairs to the east is the real (main) and toward the top of the temple, it means that the temple facing east while the other sides of similar right.

The composition and distribution of relief stories on temple walls and the balustrade is as follows.
Relief Chart
Position Level / location Relief Story Number of Frames
Original foot - ----- Karmawibhangga 160 frames
Level I - walls a. Lalitawistara 120 frames
------- - ----- B. Jataka / awadana 120 frames
------- - Ledge a. Jataka / awadana 372 frames
------- - ----- B. Jataka / awadana 128 frames
Level II - 128 Gandawyuha wall frame
-------- - Ledge Jataka / awadana 100 frames
Level III - 88 Gandawyuha wall frame
-------- - 88 frames ledge Gandawyuha
Level IV - 84 Gandawyuha wall frame
-------- - 72 frames ledge Gandawyuha
Frame 1460 -------- -------- Total

In sequence, the story is short on meaningful temple reliefs as follows:

KarmawibhanggaSesuai with symbolic meaning at the foot of the temple, reliefs which decorate the walls of a hidden shelf that illustrate the law of karma. Rows of these reliefs is not a story of the series (the series), but in every picture illustrates a story that has a causal correlation. Relief will not only give an illustration of the human moral turpitude accompanied by a penalty that will get, but also human and reward good deeds. Overall, the portrayal of human life in the circle of birth - life - death (samsara) which never ends, and by Buddhism tersebutlah chain which will conclude towards perfection.

Lalitawistara

Is a depiction of a history of the Buddha in a row of reliefs (but not a complete history) that began the decline of the Buddha from heaven Tusita, and ends with the first sermon in the Deer Park near the city of Banaras. These reliefs lined the stairs on the south side, after a row of reliefs exceed a total of 27 frames starting from the east side of the stairs. The activity illustrates the frame 27, either in heaven or on earth, in preparation to welcome the presence of the last incarnation of Buddha Bodhisattvas as the candidate. The reliefs depict the birth of Buddha on this arcapada as Prince Siddhartha, son of King and Queen Maya of Suddhodana Kapilavastu Affairs. Relief amounting to 120 frames, which ended with the first discourse, which is symbolically expressed as a Screening Wheel of Dharma, the Buddha's teaching on the call of dharma which also means "law", while the dharma is symbolized as a wheel.

Jataka and Awadana

Jataka tales are stories of the Buddha before he was born as Prince Siddhartha. Protrusion of the contents is the subject of good works, which distinguishes the Bodhisattvas from any other creature. Indeed, the collection service / good deed is a step towards the level of preparation in an attempt to Buddhahood.

While Awadana, basically similar to the Jataka but the culprit is not the Bodhisattvas, but others and the stories collected in the book which means noble deeds Diwyawadana saintliness, and the book Awadana Awadanasataka or a hundred stories. In the reliefs of Borobudur temple and awadana Jataka, treated equally, meaning that both are contained in the same row without a distinguishable. The set of the most famous of the life of the Bodhisattvas is Jatakamala or string of Jataka stories, Aryasura and poet who lived in the 4th century AD.

Gandawyuha

Is a row of reliefs decorate the walls of the hall to-2, is the story of a wandering Sudhana tirelessly in his quest for knowledge about the Supreme Truth by Sudhana. Depiction in the frame 460 based on Mahayana Buddhist scripture entitled Gandawyuha, and for the closing credits based on the stories of other books that Bhadracari.
[Edit] Stages of development of Borobudur

* The first stage

Borobudur development period is not known with certainty (estimated between 750 and 850 M). At first storey flats built grammar. It seems designed as a stepped pyramid. but later modified. As there is good evidence that demolished flats.

* The second phase

Borobudur foundation widened, plus two square and one railroad tie steps that can be directly given circle holding a large stupa.

* Third Phase

The terraces above the main stupa large circle with dismantled and removed and replaced by three railroad circles. Stupas built on top of these steps with a single large stupa in the middle.

* The fourth stage

There are minor changes such as making changes in steps and curved reliefs above the door.
[Edit] Summary of the processing time of restoration of Borobudur Temple
The first photograph of Borobudur in 1873. Flag of the Netherlands looked at the main stupa of the temple.
The highest terrace after the restoration of the Van Erp. The main stupa has towers with chattra (umbrella) stacking three.

* 1814 - Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, Governor General of the United Kingdom in Java, heard of the discovery of antiquities in the village of Borobudur. Raffles ordered H.C. Cornelius to investigate the location of discovery, a hill covered with shrubs.

* 1873 - the first monograph on the temple issue.

* 1900 - Dutch East Indies government established a committee of refurbishment and maintenance of the temple of Borobudur.

* 1907 - Theodoor van Erp led refurbishment until 1911.

* 1926 - Borobudur restored again, but halted in 1940 due to malaise and the crisis of World War II.

* 1956 - The Indonesian government requested the help of UNESCO. Prof. Dr. C. Coremans came to Indonesia from Belgium to investigate the causes of damage to Borobudur.

* 1963 - The Indonesian government issued a decree to restore Borobudur, but fall apart after the events of G-30-S.

* 1968 - At a conference-15 in France, UNESCO agreed to provide assistance to rescue Borobudur.

* 1971 - The Government of Indonesia established a body which is chaired Prof.Ir.Roosseno restoration of Borobudur.

Memorial stone restoration with the help of UNESCO's Borobudur temple

* 1972 - The International Consultative Committee was formed with the involvement of various countries and Roosseno as chairman. Committee sponsored by UNESCO to provide five million U.S. dollars from 7750 million dollar refurbishment costs the United States. The rest is borne Indonesia.

* August 10, 1973 - President Soeharto inaugurated the commencement of the restoration of Borobudur; refurbishment was completed in 1984

January 21, 1985 * - place a bomb attack which destroyed some of the stupa at Borobudur Temple, which was immediately repaired. The attack carried out by Islamic extremist groups, led by Husein Ali Alhabsyi.

* 1991 - Borobudur designated as a UNESCO World Heritage.
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